Varieties of Potato

There are hundreds of different potato cultivars.  Some bear potatoes early in the year, others not until autumn.  Some are short and bushy plants, others stand tall with far fewer leaves.  The potatoes themselves vary in colour of flesh and skin, in size, in texture.  Flowers of the potato plant are equally variable in colour, with the added complication of fading with age.  As a mere amateur, I’m not going to try and untangle or name-check different potato cultivars.  This blog is a basic overview of the humble potato plant.

Potato variety

Solanaceae: The potato’s family

The Solanaceae family consists of 102 genera and a slew of economically important plants.  Now grown across the world, Solanaceae food crops include the Capsicum or pepper family; tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum; aubergines Solanum melongena, and potatoes Solanum tuberosum.  Economically enormous, tobacco Nicotiana tabacum is a member of the Solanaceae.

Many of our ornamental garden plants belong to this family too; Petunia, Datura, Brugmansia and Lycium spring to mind.

So too do some highly toxic plants including Deadly nightshade Atropa belladonna, Henbane Hyoscyamus niger, and Bittersweet Solanum dulcamara.  Some of these are used to make sedatives, stimulants, and antispasmodics.

Bittersweet Solanum dulcamara

Solanaceae, Potatoes, and poison

This toxicity isn’t limited to the Nightshades.  It’s easily forgotten that the potato becomes toxic when it becomes green or sprouts.  The toxicity comes from the alkaloid alpha-solanine which the tuber produces.  According to Wikipedia, solanine poisoning causes, “nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, burning of the throat, cardiac dysrhythmia, nightmares, headache, dizziness, itching, eczema, thyroid problems, and inflammation and pain in the joints.”

Toxic effects from plants like Deadly nightshade include dilated pupils, laboured breathing, and renal failure; in livestock as well as humans.  Still, this notoriously never stopped ladies of the Italian court from putting drops of Belladonna in their eyes to dilate the pupils, thus making them seem more lustful and attractive.  And even today, optician’s eyedrops contain deadly nightshade. (For more on this, look at Healthline’s article).

Deadly nightshade Atropa belladonna

However, there’s no reason to be poisoned by nightshades or potatoes, just be aware that the family has a dark side.

Potato Plant: Growing a potato plant

Potato plants grown up to 1m tall, and although they can grow from seed it’s commoner to have them sprouting from sprouting (or “chitting”) potatoes.

This is easy to achieve.  Either forget about your potatoes in the back of a cupboard, or intentionally leave some in the light.  They are likely to sprout.  Generally, there’s one main sprout at the far or bud end of the tuber.  Other sprouts may be present, as may lateral leaf scales.  You may prefer to buy seed potatoes.  Place each potato, “eyes” up, in an egg box and keep them somewhere cool and light.  If you’re using a sprouting potato, cut your potato and let each bit with a sprout on grow.  Once the sprouts are about 2cm long, they can be planted out in the ground.  The RHS has more on this, as does Grower Expert.

Chitted potatoes

Sprouts may be greenish, pink, white or purplish.  They produce little rootlets at their base, which is how the plants start growing.

Potato Leaves

Leaves of the potato are paired leaflets, borne either side of a stem.  This arrangement is known as “irregularly pinnate”.  There’s one terminal leaflet present.  There are also secondary and sometimes tertiary leaflets running along the midrib edge.  These grow irregularly.  Leaves tend to be slightly hairy and a dark green, although there is variation between cultivars.

Potato leaf

The potato leaf is attached to the stem with a petiole.

Potato stems

Hollow between branches, the stem is ridged.  Often wings will grow along its edges.  These can be straight or wavy, depending on what potato you’re growing

Generally, potato plant stems are a fresh pale green; in some cultivars this may be flushed red, especially toward the flowers.

Potato stem

Potato flowers

There’s a lot of colour variety between different potato flowers.  Some are white, some purple, some mauve or pink.  Colours can change if the flowers fade over time.  All have 5 petals, and 5 golden anthers formed into a central cone.

White Potato flower

Depending on type, the flowers appear May through August.  Being self-pollinators, there’s no need for the plant to attract bees, butterflies or other pollinators.  The pollen is released from the anther and either travels down the stigma of that same flower, or of a neighbouring bloom.

Cross section of flower

The flowering stem, or peduncle, has an abscission ring.  This lets the flower break off easily at maturity.  Peduncles may be coloured in reds and purples, or speckled with crimson; and if not then the scar left from the abscission is often coloured.  This can help in identifying what potato cultivar you’re growing.

Purple potato flowers

Potato fruit

Yes, potatoes produce fruit.  These look a lot like green tomatoes, both as berries and in cross section.  However, they are green, becoming black when ripe.  And are poisonous.

Potato fruit

Potato tuber and roots

The tuber is the part of the potato that we eat.  It grows underground, on the end of of subterranean stems which bear these tubers.  The last joint of the underground stem will swell and thicken, and turn into our potato. They continue to swell with age, so older potatoes tend to be larger than little “new” potatoes.  There are roots present too.  Normal branched, fibrous roots provide water and nutrients and grow as deep as 140cm (Acta Agriculturae Scandinavicae Vol 65).  Rhizomes (or stolons) grow just below the surface, putting out scale-like leaves and growing adventitiously.  For more on root variety, check out my blog.

Potato roots

The tubers have a stem end, where they join to the underground stem, and a bud end, which is distal to the stem junction.  It’s at this far end that you find the potato eyes.  these are actually little dents from which new potato plants can sprout and grow.  The birth places of the sprouts we mentioned before.  Often they have ridges above them, which are known as “eyebrows”.

Potato with green sprout (eye) and eyebrow above

The skin colour can be white, like a Maris piper, or a deep pink, like a Rooster potato.  Some heritage cultivars are a deep purple.  Flesh colour varies too, depending on what type you’re growing, as does colour of sprout and the texture of the tuber.  However, when exposed to light, all potato tubers will go green!

Harvesting potatoes

If you’re growing potatoes at home, a good rule of thumb is to harvest your potatoes when the lower leaves begin to yellow and become limp.  This takes between 70 and 120 days.  There are few gardening jobs more enjoyable than digging up potatoes, and shaking the tubers free of the roots.

Eating Potatoes!

So once you’ve learned about your potato plant, and perhaps taken a harvest, you’ll want to know what to do with the tubers.

The options are as varied as the potato types available.  You can mash them.  Boil them.  Roast them.  Bake them and serve with grated cheese or baked beans.  Cut them into french fries (chips) and serve with them with vinegar, mayo, or ketchup.  Hack them into wedges and roast them.  Thinly slice them and layer them to make an elegant dauphinoise.  Ambitious folk may want to cut them excceding thin and fry them into crisps (chips in you’re in the US).

Potatoes care eaten in any number of forms!

Alternatively, leave some exposed to the light, to sprout.  And start the whole cycle again.

More on Potatoes

There are endless rabbit holes down which you can plunge when it comes to researching potatoes.  From the horrors of the Irish Potato famine which is thought to have killed over a hundred thousand (and which was caused by the potato blight Phytopthera infestens and appalling British governance), to the perils caused by the Colorado Potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (a notifiable pest here in the UK), and the first recorded cultivation of the potato in Peru over 8,000 years ago.

We’ve lived with the humble potato a mighty long time, and I relish having this opportunity to look a little closer at such an important plant.

The post Potatoes appeared first on Lizzie Harper.

A “root” is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as “The part of a plant which attaches it to the ground or to a support, typically underground, conveying water and nourishment to the rest of the plant via numerous branches and fibres”.

However, the story does not stop there!  There are three main types of root; the fibrous root, the tap root, and the adventitious root.   This blog is a brief overview of these three types.

Fibrous roots

The fibrous root is formed from lots of little roots growing from the stem.  There isn’t one main root which branches; each of the little roots is of a similar size and importance.  Examples of plants with fibrous roots include ferns and monocots (so all the grasses, lilies, and onions).

Mat grass Nardus sctricta

Fibrous roots of the Wild Garlic Alium ursinum

Taproots

A taproot is a primary root which is thick, tapers, and mostly grows straight downwards.  It often bears smaller lateral roots (secondary roots) which in turn bear even smaller side roots (tertiary roots).  A notoriously successful plant which bears a tenacious and easy to see taproot is the Dandelion Taxacum officinale.

The tap root of the Dandelion Taxacum officinale is easy to see

Taproots can be round or napiform (as with a turnip), conical or conical (think of a carrot) or fusiform which means it is widest in its middle and tapers at either end.  They can also be tuberous which means the taproot is swollen and fleshy, and may have no distinct shape.

Turnip and Rutebega have napiform tap roots

Carrots are the prime example of a conical taproot

The fusiform taproot of the radish; you can see some radishes have conical tap roots instead.

Taproot Pneumatophores

Another adaptation of the taproot is the Pneumatophores or breathing roots which emerge vertically upwards from the silt of mangrove swamps to allow the mangrove trees (Rhizophora species) to get to the air for gas exchange.

Mangrove swamp with pnematophores protruding

Adventitious roots

Adventitious roots are roots which don’t grow from the main root axis; they don’t  grow downwards from the base of the plant stem and can grow from other areas  of the stem, or from the leaves.

These modifications help plants to reproduce vegetatively, to store nutrients or water, support themselves, or have more specific functions relating to the habitat a certain plant exploits (like epiphytic plants).

An example of a plant with adventitious roots helping a plant structurally is Ivy Hedera helix which has lots of tiny, clinging adventitious roots along its stem.  These help it hang onto vertical substrates like walls.

The adventitious roots can be seen on the stem on the left (copyright Royal Mail 2014)

Adventitious roots and tubers

Adventitious roots can be used to store food and water.  This can be seen in numerous plants, from the yam to the dahlia.

Dahlia tuberous adventitious roots

For a more extensive blog on adventitious roots, see my blog.

I hope this overview has given some idea of the amazing variations of roots.  It may help explain why when doing botanical illustrations you need to see the whole of a plant, not just the parts  above the soil.

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