The chart is very closely based on one provided by the course tutor, Fiona Gomersall.

Do remember that this is a brief overview.  To get into the details of these fabulous plants you really need to work through keys and use clear identification guides.  Lots of other sites have more on this, check out Nature’s calender, BCWF Wetlands video, Naturespot’s gallery of photos, and the BSBIs guide to grass resources.

Comparison table

This table compares the leaves, ligules, stems and flowers of Grasses, sedges, and rushes.  For more on each group, please check out past blogs: Grasses, Sedges, Rushes.

Although it looks pretty overwhelming at first sight, it’s actually not too bad.  And it’s great to have all the information together in one place.  The general description is something we won’t be looking too closely at, and whilst trying to identify and key out grasses on the course, deciding if a species was an annual or a perennial proved quite a challenge!  I guess it does show that if you have something that looks like a grass but is woody (like Bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris), then it’s going to be a grass species.

Leaf shape: Grass

Grasses have leaves made of two clearly distinct parts.  There’s the blade, with it’s parallel veins and often with a central rib or keel.  Then this folds, and surrounds the stalk of the grass.  This enclosing part of the leaf is called the sheath.  Sheaths can be open, with a clear slit, or fused shut, like a tube.

Common bent Agrostis capillaris

Here’s a close up of the blade and sheath of another grass, Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata.  Grass blades vary in shape enormously.  Think of the broad and flat leaves of the Common reed Phragmites australis in comparison to the wiry needle-like leaves of something like Mat grass Nardus stricta.  Some grasses leaves grow rolled, and will emerge and may flatten out at maturity. Other leaves don’t flatten out, but remain needle-like through life (like the Fescues).  Other blades grow as flattened, laterally compressed shoots.  The easiest to bring to mind is Cocksfoot.

There are also ligules in the mix, thin (mostly) membranous structures at the fold between sheath and blade, but we’ll come back to them in a bit.

Leaf shape: Sedge

The leaves of sedges also have the same two distinct parts.  The blade, and the sheath.  The sheath is fused closed in all but one small African genus of sedges.  The blade is often “pliate”, or pleated.  This means that if you took a cross section of a sedge leaf it might look a little like a zig-zag.

Glaucous sedge Carex flacca

Below is a close up of the blade and sheath of the Dioecious sedge Carex dioica.  The sheaths are fused closed.  As with grasses, the shape of the leaf blade varies enormously.  Some sedges have very thin, needle-like leaves whilst others like the common garden plant, Pendulous sedge Carex pendulosa, have broad ones.  Colour varies too, from the almost blue leaves of the Carnation sedge Carex panicea to the bright yellow-green of the Long-stalked Yellow sedge Carex lepidocarpa.

Dioecious sedge Carex dioica

Leaf shape: Rushes

Rushes generally only have one part to their leaves.  The blade doesn’t have two distinct zones, but simply extends to a sheathing base around the stem.  However, there’s a lot of variety in the rushes leaves, mostly dictated by whether they are Juncus (rush) or Luzula (wood-rush) species.  I don’t think a true rush would be easily mistaken for a grass, they have a very different feel, and their leaves are round and needle like, and cylindrical in cross section.

Blunt flowered rush Juncus subnodulosus

Below is a close up of the leaf and sheath of another of the Juncus rushes, Three-leaved rush Juncus trifidus. As you can see, there’s no clear definition between the blade and the sheath, the two blend into one.

Three-leaved rush Juncus trifidus

The Wood-rushes are a little trickier as they have wider leaves and it can be hard to see if they have blades and sheaths or not, because the leaves are often low down on the plant.  The big give away with the Wood-rush leaves is the long white hairs.  All Wood-rush leaves have these, and they are very distinctive.  I don’t think even the hairiest of sedges or grasses produces leaves with these distinctive long, silky leaf hairs.

Greater wood rush Luzula sylvatica

These hairs are also apparent on the stem.  Below is a close up on the leaf of the Hairy wood rush Luzula pilosa.

Leaf of Hairy wood rush Luzula pilosa

Ligule: Grasses

Ligules are structures at the junction of the leaf and the stem.  They are mostly membranous in grasses, although sometimes will be replaced by a ring of hairs (as with the Common reed).  Sometimes they have hairs and membrane, and there’s a whole lot of variety in the shape of ligules.  They can be pointed or rounded, long or short, smooth or torn.  Ligules of grasses are often “free”, unfused to the leaf blade.

Marram grass Ammophila arenaria

Marram (above) has a long and pointy ligule which is really easy to see.  (It’s worth noting that Marram is one of the grasses we mentioned sporting rolled leaves, which you can see here in cross section.)

Below is an array of grass ligules to show their variety.

Grass ligule variety

Some cling closely around the stem, others are much looser.  Some are thin crescents of membrane, others are far more substantial.

Ligule: Sedges

Sedges also have ligules.  these tend to be less obvious, and are never free.  In all cases, sedge ligules are fused to the leaf blade.

Sedge ligule variety

However, like grasses they have a variety of shapes. Some are pointed, some are rounded.  They too are membranous.

Ligule: Rushes

Rush ligules are membranes at the top of a sheathing leaf base.  These tend to be really small and inconspicuous.  Checking through all my illustrations of rush species, I can’t find any where the botanist has asked for a close up of a rush ligule.

Stems: Grasses

The stems of grasses, sedges and rushes are possibly the quickest way of telling them apart.  They are also at the root of the common botanist’s ditty, “Sedges have edges, rushes are round, grasses have knees from their tips to the ground”.

So what exactly does “having knees from their tips to the ground” mean?  It refers to the nodes.  Nodes are found in all grasses, between the sections of the stem (or “Culm”).  Often the growth direction may change at a node, although this is far from inevitable.  Nodes may be flushed with colour.  In the Meadow foxtail Alopecurus pratensis, the nodes are ochre.  In some species they’re purple.  Some grasses have smooth nodes.  Others are thick with hairs, or positively velvety like the Creeping soft grass, Holcus mollis.

Grasses have nodes.  Sedges and Rushes do not.

Variety of grasses nodes

The other important point to note is that all grass stems are round in cross section, and hollow.  Rush stems are also round, but not always hollow.  And the stems of sedges are altogether rather different.

Stems: Sedges

Sedge stems are wonderfully triangular in cross section.  They are also solid, not hollow in most cases.  So a good way to check to see if you have a sedge is to run your fingers up the stem.  if it feels like there are edges there, it’s a sedge.  You can go to the trouble of taking a cross section of the stem, but sometimes sedge stems aren’t “in your face” triangular, so you may be disappointed.

Detail of the stem and cross section of Greater Tussock sedge Carex paniculata

And there are no nodes.

Stems: Rushes

Rushes have cylindrical, round stems, like the grasses.  However, they never have nodes.  And in many cases they have supporting internal structures, pith.  this may fully fill the cavity in the stem, or be distributed in species-specific patterns.  These can be seen if you take a longditudinal section down a rush stem.  Some rushes also have lateral pithy supports.  These can be felt clearly is you run your fingers up the stem.  They’re known as the jointed rushes and include species like he Sharp-flowered rush Juncus acutiflorus.

Sharp Flowered Rush Juncus acutiflorus

Below is a selection of rushes in cross section.  All are members of the Juncus rather than the Luzula tribe.  The spaces between the pith are air pockets.

Cross sections of Juncus rushes

So you can see that using the stems as an instant diagnostic between grasses, rushes, and sedges can be incredibly useful.  Nodes are grasses.  Edges are sedges.  And round stems without nodes are going to be rushes.

Flowers: Grasses

Now, when it comes to the structures of the flowering parts of these three groups, it’d be very easy to go down an anatomical rabbit hole.  I’m keen to avoid this.  For more on the botany and structures of grasses flowers, sedge flowers, and rush flowers, check out the relevant blogs I wrote a while ago.

Grass flowers can be single or held in assemblies known as spikelets.  The way these are arranged on the stem is important when it comes to species identification, some will cling close to the stem (like Rye grass, Lolium perenne), others will be on the end of long branches (like Hairy wood brome Bromopsis ramosa).

Hairy wood brome Bromopsis ramosa

All spikelets have male and female flowering parts.  The male parts are stamens, often with drooping anthers.  There are usually three stamens.  This helps the wind disperse the pollen.  The female parts are the ovary and two long feathery stigma (to catch that pollen).  The flowering parts are held within papery scales called glumes and lemma, and within these another scale called the palea.  Don’t worry too much about all of this.  The take home message is that grass flowers have male and female parts in one place.  And that they are bilaterally symmetrical.

The diagram below shows the outer “scales” that surround the flowering parts as well as the stamens and ovary.  I’m assuming I intended it to show a fertilized flower, or there would also be stigma coming from the ovary.  The spikes that in some grasses come from the glumes are called awns and deserve a blog of their own as they vary enormously from species to species.

Grass spikelet structure

Flowers: Sedges

Sedge flowers are either unisexual male or female.  Or, in some groups, bisexual, having female and male flowering structures together.  Often all the male flowers will be held in one spike, and the females in another spike.  these are frequently on the same plant. Don’t be fooled by the unisexual flowers though, you will sometimes have sedge species where female and male flowers are held in the same flowering spikelet (like the Brown sedge Carex disticha).  But if you look closely at the flowers of these unisex species, each individual one will have either all male parts or all female parts.

Female (above) and male (below) sedge flowers

Like the grasses, these flowers are enclosed in glumes.  Unlike the grasses, the female flower sends stigmas out from the Utricle, a vase-like structure which develops into the seed if fertilized.  Female flowers come from utricles which have two or three stigma.  this helps identify species, so be aware of it.

Sedge with Unisexual flowers, Common sedge Carex nigra

You can tell the spikes of male flowers from the spikes of female flowers without too much trouble.  The male flowers tend to be far thinner, and are often above the fatter female flowers (see above).  Although not always.  And be careful!  Sometimes unisexual male and female flowers are all mixed in together!  An example of this is the Brown sedge, Carex disticha.

Brown sedge Carex disticha

Other sedge species have bisexual flowers, like the grasses.  Cyperus Umbrella sedges bear bisexual flowers, as do the spike rushes, Eleocharis.  For more on sedge flowers check out this blog from plant i.d. net.

Few flowered Spike rush Eleocharis quinqueflora

These spike rushes are rather confusing because they look so different from other members of the sedge family, but they are instantly recognizable.  Unlike true rushes, they too hold their flowers within glumes.

Diagram of a sedge bisexual flower

Flowers: Rushes

You’ll be relieved to hear that rush flowers are rather simpler than sedge flowers.  All are bisexual.  Unlike grasses and sedges, their flowers are held within six “tepals”.  These tepals are not petals, although they might be mistaken for petals.  The difference is that petals are part of the corolla, and separate from sepals, the bits that you can often see lurking behind petals and which make up the enclosing bud before flowering.  In some plants, like rushes and tulips, there’s not distinction between a petal and a sepal.  So these structures are called Tepals.  Easy once you know!  And think about it, tulip buds aren’t encased in green sheaths are they?  It’s cause the whole flower is built of tepals, not sepals and petals.

Back to the rushes!

Rush flowers can be carried at the top of the stem, come out the side (like the Hard rush Juncus inflexus and the Soft rush Juncus effesus), or even be carried in the junction between stem and leaf.  This is the case for the Three-leaved rush Juncus trifidus. The hard rush on the left, Juncus inflexus, bears lateral flowers.  the Heath rush Juncus squarrosus has its flowers in a tight flowering head at the top of the plant.  The Greater Wood-rush Luzula sylvatica bears its flowers in a much floppier and looser terminal flowering head.

Three rushes showing different patters of flowering

Individual rush flowers are not bilaterally symmetrical like the flowers of grasses and sedges.  They are radially symmetrical.

Flowers are the same structure in a true rush flower (Juncus) or a Wood-rush flower (Luzula).  Below is a close up diagram of a Juncus flower.  You can see it has 6 tepals, 6 stamens, and a central female flower with 3 stigma.  Don’t worry about the perianth stuff, it’s another name for the tepals.

Rush flower

Flowers of the Wood-rush are similar, but often feel more star-like and open.  However, the underlying radially symmetrical structure is the same.

Conclusion

So there you have it!  Lots of pointers on how to tell your grasses, sedges, and rushes apart.  I still think the rhyme about “sedges have edges…” is the easiest way in.  But inevitably, once you get out in the field and start looking at all these plants, telling them apart will become easier and easier.

it’ll also give you a chance to crawl about on your knees being awed by how stunning all of these often over-looked plants are!

The post Sedges, Grasses and Rushes: Telling the families apart appeared first on Lizzie Harper.

Like grasses and rushes, they are monocots, but are a distinctly different group of plants.  Here is a beginners guide to the Sedges.  (For a beginner’s guide to the Grasses, please click here.  For a guide to the rushes follow this link.)

Anatomy of sedges

Anatomy of the Common sedge Carex nigra

Vegetative Features of Sedges

The first and easiest way to spot a sedge is by looking at its stem.  Sedge stems are solid, and unlike grasses, they don’t have nodes or joints.  Sedge stems are triangular in cross-section, three sided, especially towards the base of the stem.  In general they are tough and wiry.

Sedge stem of the Greater tussock sedge Carex paniculata, showing it’s triangular shape.

Leaves are similar to grass leaves, being formed from a blade, a sheath (the hollow tube below the blade that encloses the stem), and a ligule (a membranous flap at the junction of the blade and the sheath).

Leaf shape varies enormously between species.  Some leaves are needle like, some have spikey points, some have hollow tips, some are broad and flat, some have smooth edges while others are toothed, in some species (Like the Deer–sedges) the leaves are reduced to tiny flaps, and in others (like the spike rushes) there are no leaf blades at all, just a sheath.  Colour differences are rife too, from yellows through vivid greens to glaucous, almost blue shades.

Sedge leaf variety

Unlike grasses,  sedge ligules are fused to the base of the leaf blade.  Below is a range of sedge ligules.  As with grasses, these can be used to identify different species.

Variety of different ligules seen in different species of Sedge

Sedge growth habit

Size and growth form varies in sedges, and both are an important way of telling species apart.  The growth patterns relate to the way shoots grow from rhizome (the underground and horizontal stem).

Some will grow in dense tussocks, like the Greater tussock sedge Carex paniculata.  Other tussocky sedges include the Schoenus and Trichophorum species.

Sedge Greater tussock sedge Carex paniculata showing its tussocky growth habit

Other species show different growth patterns from the rhizome, putting up shoots which are close to one another, and which radiate from the centre.  The Few flowered spike rush Eleocharis quinqueflora is a good example of this, as are the Isolepis species.

The Few Flowered Rush Eleocharis quinqueflora

In other sedges, there’s far more space between the shoots coming up from the rhizome, which leads to the plants having a creeping habit.  They’re sometimes referred to as “stoloniferous” which gives a good clue to their growth, even though it’s technically not quite right (unlike the stolons of grasses, rhizomes contain food supplies).  Lots of sedges grow like this, like the Stiff sedge Carex biglowii.

Shoots growing up from along the rhizome; Stiff sedge Carex biglowii

For more on these differences in rhizome growth, consult the bible for sedge enthusiasts, Sedges of the Birtish Isles by Jermy, Simpson, Foley & Porter (p. 5-6) There’s also information on how the rhizome itself can be used to tell species apart, by seeing whether it’s woody or not, and by looking at the leaf scales that grow from it.

Flowers of Sedges

The flowers and fruits of sedges are markedly different to those of grasses.  They take a little getting used to.  As with many areas of botany, they have nomenclature specific to their family.

Sedge flowers are known as Inflorescences.  They are made of lots of smaller florets.  Like grasses, they are wind pollinated.

These florets are grouped together into cylindrical or oval clusters which are known as Spikes or Spikelets.

These spikelets are arranged differently, according to species.  They can be solitary, un-branched and at the tip of a stem.  Or they can be arranged in groups, into branching flowering heads.  There may be bracts below the spikelets.  The form and length of these bracts is important when telling species apart.

Common cottongrass Eriophorum angustifolium has a branched flowering head.

The Few-flowered Spike-rush Eleocharis quinqueflora has solitary spikelets borne at its tips (see picture above).

Bisexual sedge florets

Across the sedge species, each floret is tiny, and grows in the junction between the stem and a tough scale called a glume.  Many sedge florets are bisexual, bearing three stamens (with stiff filaments bearing anthers), stigmas (less feathery than in grasses and varying from 2 to three depending on species), and an ovary inside a covering; this unit is known as the utricle.

Diagram of a bisexual sedge flower

This diagram shows the anatomy of a bisexual sedge flower.  The utricle encloses the ovary (and eventually encloses the fertilized fruit, known as a nutlet) and may have a pointed tip or beak.

The Great fen sedge Cladium mariscum has bisexual flowers and a branching inflorescence.  Bisexual flowers can also be borne in non-branching inflorescences (as in the Black bog rush Schoenus nigricans below)

Bisexual florets on the Black bog rush Schoenus nigricans

Unisexual sedge florets

However, the florets of the Carex (true sedges) and Kobresia (false-sedges) families are unisexual, meaning the male and female flowers are separate.

Diagram of a unisexual male sedge floret

Male flowers have three stamens and a glume.  In male spikelets, the lower male flowers may be sterile and have larger glumes.

Diagram of a unisex female sedge floret

Female florets have a bottle-shaped utricle with a glume below.  In some species there are two stigmas on the utricle (like the Stiff sedge Carex biglowii and the Common sedge Carex nigra) and these tend to mature into a flattened curved nutlet.

Sedge with two stigmas Common sedge Carex nigra

In other species there are three stigmas per utricle (as with the Carnation sedge Carex panacea); these tend to mature into a rounded or somewhat triangular nutlet.

Sedge with 3 stigmas Carnation sedge Carex panacea

Although sedges with unisexual flowers may have only all-male-floret or only all-female-floret spikelets, this isn’t always the case.  In some species the spikelets of both sexes are carried on the same plant, with all the male flowers at the top and female ones at the bottom (androgynous), or vis a versa.

Bottle sedge Carex rostrata has unisex florets and bears thin male spikelets above the female ones, and thus is androgynous.

In the Diocecious sedge Carex dioica, male flowers are carried on one plant with the female spikelets on another (the clue is in the name, I suppose).

Different unisex florets appear on different plants in Diocecious sedge Carex dioica

This arrangement of the tiny spikelets, and whether they’re bisexual, male or female is the bit of sedge anatomy I find most confusing!

Nutlets or fruit of sedges

The fruits or nutlets of sedges are vital when it comes to telling species apart.  Their shape and size matters.  The absence or presence of a beak is important.  Shape of a beak (if present) is vital.  Colour, hairiness (or not), and presence or absence of veins are all important.

diverse selection of sedge fruit or nutlets

Variety

The variety of sedges is amazing.  It includes beautiful species resplendent with white bristles such as the cotton grasses Eleocharis.  Then there are elegant drooping plants like the Pendulous sedge Carex pendulosa and the blueish Glaucous sedge Carex flacca.  Unobstrusive species that resemble rushes like the Black bog rush Schoenus nigricans are lovely, too.  Large plants with toothed leaf blades like the Great fen sedge Cladium mariscum are dramatic representaives.  There are what I think of as “typical” sedges like the Stiff sedge Carex biglowii.  Don’t forget deauties with extraordinary fruit (like the Bottle and Star sedge, Carex rostratum and echinata respectively.)

Below is an array of these fine plants.  I’ve been commissioned to paint these by the Field for School Studies.  They appear on fold-out guides to different habitats.

A small variety of the more than 5,500 species of sedge

Identifying sedges

There are several things to consider when trying to identify a sedge to species level.  Think about how it grows from the rhizome.  Consider leaf width, length and colour.  Lok at leaf ligules.  Where is it growing (habitat)?  What size is the plant? See whether it has separate male and female flowers.  Look for details of the spikelets.

With Carex species, you first and foremost need to consider the nutlet or fruit.

Glumes, at the base of the spikelet, need to be examined and the colour and shape considered.

Bracts (below the spikelet) need a close examination.

Figure out if there are two or three stigmas on the flowers.

Look to see how the flowers are arranged on the plant.  Both their position on the stem and in terms of where female and male flowers sit if relevant.

References

I love sedges, although I readily admit to being almost a total novice when it comes to identifying them in the field.  There are some splendid courses on sedge identification out there (like the Field Studies Council one, which I blogged about attending last year); and for the British Sedge species some very useful books.  These include the “bible” for Uk sedge identification, Sedges of the British Isles by Jermy, Simpson, Foley & Porter.  It’s published by the Botanical Society of the British Isles and is a hefty and very comprehensive volume, complete with a lot of detailed information on growth and anatomy in the opening pages, and distribution maps for each species.

I also find the Colour Identification to the Grasses, Sedges, Rushes and Ferns by Francis Rose very helpful and clear, along with Collins Guide to the Grasses, Sedges, Rushes and Ferns by Fitter, Fitter and Farrer.  The sedge section in Collins Flower Guide by Streeter has some very good illustrations by Christina Hart-Davies.  For a comprehensive if dry resource, look at the Flora of the British Isles by Clapham, Tutin and Moore.

Diagrams in this blog owe a lot to the incredibly helpful The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms by Hickey and King .

I do hope that this introduction to the beautiful sedges will have inspired some of you to go out and start looking at these beautiful and frequently overlooked plants.  Along with grasses, and rushes, they’re proving to be really fascinating; both to learn about and to illustrate.

The post Sedges: An introduction appeared first on Lizzie Harper.

I managed to complete the illustrations, although I found it tricky, but I decided then and there to back up this initial trial by fire by doing my best to learn a bit about these pretty plants.

Glaucous sedge Carex flacca

Sedge identification course

Luckily, FSC has lots of diverse and fascinating courses on offer.  These included a one-day session learning about sedges.  (For more on another of these brilliant courses I attended earlier this year, please look at my blog on Learning about Slugs).

Our tutor was Mark Duffell. It turns out he was the same long-suffering botanist who’d advised me and helped me illustrate the sedges for the leaflets!  He was polite enough not to run screaming from the classroom.  Mark was an excellent guide to the world of rushes, grasses, and sedges.

Sketchbook illustration of Carex otrubae with hand lens and specimen of plant

The uses of sedges

We began by listing the uses of these plants.  Next we learnt something of the main differences in anatomy between grasses, rushes and sedges.  There’s a handy rhyme here, pertaining to their stems:  “Sedges have edges, rushes are round, grasses have knees and are hollow down to the ground”.  Then, with the help of Sedges of the British Isles by Jermy, we started keying out a plethora of sedge specimens he’d brought in.

Keying out specimens

I have a habit of not working through keys.  I tend to rush to the pictures and try and match my plant to them; but this session changed my approach.  In fact I was elated to key out six or seven sedges correctly.

Sketchbook study of Carex demissa

One of the main distinguishing features of sedges is their stems.  These are solid (not hollow) and mostly triangular.  They have ligules, like grasses.  But these little flaps on each leaf near the stem tend to be firmly flattened to the leaf blade.  In grasses these are like collars extending from the leaves around the stem.  Sedges tend to grow in tufts or along runners of rhizomes.  Figuring out which growth habit your specimen has is vital.

Sketchbook study of Carex sylvatica Wood sedge

Finished illustration of Wood sedge Carex sylvatica

Sedge structures useful for identification

The reproductive region of the sedge, or flower, is called a spikelet.   It has all sorts of sedge-specific characteristics.  One of the vital structures to get your head around is the utricle.  This is the female flower part which mostly surrounds the nut.  These utricles vary in size, colour, texture, and shape.  This was really clear from our observations.  Some have little beaks at their tips, some are shiny and green, others black and textured like suede.  Some have papery wings on their edges whilst others do not.

Carex otrubae utricle (photo taken through the dissecting microscope)

A big indicator of species with the sedges is the number of stigmas the female flower produces; it’s either 2 or 3.  Mark told us a cunning trick to tell this when the stigmas had fallen off post flowering, generally the rounder and less flattened the utricle, the more likely it is to have three not two stigmas.

Another crucial structure is the glume, which surrounds male and female flowers and is papery thin, varying in shape and colour from species to species.  The details I tried to include in each of my sketchbook studies were therefore the ligule, the utricle, details of stigma number, and the glume.

Sketchbook study of Carex flacca

Sedge variety

It was remarkable how very different these plants looked, it was only on close examination that you could be sure they were all sedges.

Sketchbook study of Isolepis cernua

Mark did a great job with his specimens and brought in some spike rushes (a sedge, but slightly different to the large Carex group, see the sketch above), and pointed out that cotton-grass are also sedges.

Another Spike rush species, the Few flowered Spike rush Eleocharis quinqueflora

Common Cottongrass Eriophorum angustifolium

By the end of the day I felt really happy using the sedges key (taken from the Sedges book by Jermy), and far more comfortable working and looking at the defining features of the sedge family.  Next time I get asked to draw sedges, I’ll have some hope of doing these fabulous plants justice!

Sketchbook study of Carnation sedge Carex panicea

Carnation sedge Carex panicea from the FSC Heathlands leaflet

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