This is the third in my series on common trees, and this time it’s the Ash tree under the spotlight.

The Ash Fraxinus excelsior is one of our commonest trees, and is steeped in folklore.  It’s easy to identify, and the timber is extraordinarily strong and versatile

Identification: Tree shape

Ash trees have domes crowns, and grow up to 40m.  In winter, they can be easily recognized as the ends of branches and twigs turn upwards.

They also have distinctive matt, black buds which would be hard to mistake for any other species.  Ash grows in woodland, fields, and many other habitats.  It’s one of the commonest British trees with over 150 million mature trees in the UK (The Conversation, 2019).

Identification: Leaves

Leaves of the ash are opposite. Each compound leaf comprises 9 to 13 short-stalked leaflets up to 7cm long, in opposite pairs.  There is always one lone leaflet at the tip.  This arrangement is called “Odd-pinnate”.  (For more on compound vs simple leaves, have a look at my blog).  Leaflets have long tips and small teeth on the margins (for more on leaf shape and margins check out my blog).

Identification: Flowers

Flowers of the ash emerge before the leaves (which are often amongst the last to unfurl in spring).  Female and male flowers are carried on separate twigs, are without petals, and look like little purplish tufts.

Identification: Fruit

Like the Sycamore, the Ash has winged seeds, or samara (for more on samaras, which are basically just winged achenes, check out my blog.  These are borne in clusters, with a single wing.  Like Sycamore, ash seeds spin to the ground in a most satisfying manner.

Identification: Bark

Twigs are grey, and the tree bark is greyish-green.  It becomes rough and fissured in older trees.

Similar Species

Several trees have similar odd-pinnate leaves, but should be easy to distinguish from the Ash.  These include Elderberry Sambucus nigra, which is smaller, has highly scented frothy blossoms, pale bark, and lots of juicy purple berries in autumn.  Walnut Juglans regia, tends to be a more substantial tree.  It too has compound leaves, although these tend to be a paler green than the Ash.  Walnut flowers are carried in green catkins, and the fruit is (of course) the edible walnut.

Elderberry Sambucus nigra

Mountain ash or Rowan Sorbus aucuparia is another similar species.  However, it tends to be much smaller than the ash, has frothy white blossoms, and carries wonderful clusters of orange berries.  The leaves have sharply serrated margins, and are blunter than ash.  Leaflets are stalkless.

Rowan Sorbus aucuparia

History

In Scandinavia, Ash was worshipped as a sacred tree and Odin (the most powerful of the Norse gods) was said to have carved man from a piece of ash.

The Tree of the World, an enormous mythological Ash, appears in Nordic mythology.  Also known as Yggrasil, its branches, trunk and roots entwined heaven, earth, and the underworld.

Ash was said to ward off witches, and a piece of ash carried in the pocket would ward them off, as well as keeping you safe from goblins and snakes.  Farming tools made of iron and ash would protect the crops from witchcraft.  Burning ash logs would chase the evil spirits from a room.  Ash growing with Oak and Hawthorn signified the realms of the Fairy folk and otherworldly spirits.

Medicinally, passing an ill child through a cleft in an Ash would help healing.  If you had a break or rupture, splitting a sapling and passing the patient through it would help.  You bound up the tree (and, one assumes, the patient) and when the tree had healed, so too had the patient.

Uses

Ash keys are edible if you boil them a few times, then pickle them.

However, it’s the wood of ash that makes the tree so valuable.  It’s almost white; and incredibly durable, flexible, and pliable.

Items made from ash include sledges, furniture, oars, tool handles, skis, hockey sticks, and even form part of the Morgan car.  Rob Penn wrote a rather wonderful tree about the plethora of things that could be made from just one ash tree, “The Man Who Made Things out of Trees”.  My other half makes gravel bikes using ash, and has plenty to say about it’s natural shock-absorbing capacities, and beauty.  If it seems unlikely, take a look at his website, Twmpa Cycles.

Threats

As with all British trees, ash are cleared when hedgerows are grubbed up and habitat is lost to development.

This amazing tree is also under serious threat from Ash dieback.  This fungal disease is projected to wipe out 95% of our ash trees, in a similar way to the eradication of Elm when Dutch Elm disease appeared. It’s estimated this loss could cost the UK up to£15 billion (The Conversation, May 2019).

The fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (previously known as Chalara fraxinea) affects the ash in a number of ways.  It causes the leaves to wither, and the crown of the tree to thin.  It also causes legions and cracks in the bark which allow the entry of other pathogens.

Young saplings will succumb quickly, but older trees hold out until another agent, such as Honey fungus, attacks it in its weakened form.

Ash dieback symptoms

There is no cure or treatment for Ash dieback, and it seems likely that our love for imported plants explains why the fungus is now ravaging the countryside.

For more on Ash dieback (also known as Chalara or Chalara dieback), check out the Forestry Commission website, and for information on the economic affects have a look at The Conversation’s article.

Conclusion

 The ash is a beautiful tree, and common across the UK.  Its wood is incredibly useful, and its folklore many-layered and interesting.  The fact that such a part of the British countryside will soon become a rarity causes me a great deal of pain.  All I can suggest is that while many of our ash trees remain, get out into nature and enjoy them.

Little owl Athene noctua with Ash leaves behind

References for this blog include the excellent “The Greenwood Trees” by Christina Hart-Davies, and the Reader’s Digest “The Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Britain” (out of print but commonly available second-hand), and Collins Flower Guide by David Streeter.

Take a look at my other blogs on British trees, the Oak and the Sycamore.

The post Trees: Ash appeared first on Lizzie Harper.

The English oak Quercus robur truly is an iconic tree.  English Oak is also known as the Common oak, and the Pedunculate oak.  Across the fields of Britain, lone oaks stand in meadows, and form thick woodlands rustling with wildlife.  Oaks produce hard-wearing timber.  They are thoroughly bound up in religion, folklore, and mythology.

Identification: Tree shape

Oak trees are sturdy, and old trees can have a girth of up to 17m.  Their large branches grown from a short trunk, with a large crown.  Trees can grow to 37m tall.

Identification: Leaves

Oak leaves are very distinctive, with 3 to 5 pairs of unequal, blunt lobes.  They’re alternate, and have little or no stalk.  Either side of the leaf has four or five lobes.  At the base there are little flaps or “ears” which give a curved shape, known as auricles.  The underside of the leaf is hairless.

Identification: Flowers

Oak flowers are small and may well have evaded your attention.  They’re yellowish green and borne in catkins.  Male and female flowers are carried in different catkins.  Female ones are erect and have 2 to 4 flowers, which are flushed red.  These will be pollinated by the end of May and develop into acorns.  Male catkins droop and consist of more blooms.  Flowers are wind pollinated, hence their small size and lack of showy petals.

Identification: Fruit

Everyone can identify an acorn.  Most of us have pretended to be one when very small, growing into a large oak tree.  Acorns are actually nuts surrounded by a cup-like structure known as a cupule.

They’re 2 – 2.5cm long, and grown in clusters of 1 to 4.  English oak acorns are carried on long, stiff stalks.  In autumn, the acorns turn from a pale bright green to brown, and fall in their masses to the ground.

Sometimes, acorns are afflicted with Knopper gall.  This is caused by the tiny gall wasp Andricus quercuscalicis and cause the acorn to become twisted and distorted.

Identification: Bark

Bark starts out smooth and shiny. It becomes finely vertically fissured and cracked with age.

Similar species

There are several species of oak in the UK, but only the Sessile oak Quercus petraea shares the rounded lobes of English oak leaves.  It can be told apart from the English oak in various ways.

Sessile oak leaves have flat bases, lacking the auricles of the English oak.  Leaves have clear stalks, whereas the English oak leaves have almost none.   Sessile oak leaves have hairs on the midrib vein on the underside of the leaf.  They have 4 to 6 pairs of equal lobes.  English oak leaves are glabrous below, and lobes are uneven.  Sessile oak acorns have no stalk, and are shorter and fatter.  The acorn of the English oak has a long stalk.

Other species of oak have spikier leaves, or leaves with less distinct lobes.  These include the Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea, Red oak, Quercus borealis, and Pin oak Quercus palustris.  There’s also the  Lucombe oak Quercus x hispanica, Turkey oak Quercus cerris (with its’ furry acorn cups), and the Hungarian oak Quercus frainetto.

History: Building

Oak has long been used for building as it is extremely durable and strong.  Shingles, beams, and steeples across Britain are built with oak.  Salisbury cathedral boasts the tallest spire in England.  It is supported on a lattice work of 2641 tons of thirteenth century oak beams.

Oak was used for wheel spokes, ladder rungs, and shipbuilding.  Henry VIII’s warships were made from oak, much of it coppiced.  It took up to 3,000 mature oaks to build one ship.  Oak trees were grown into curves to supply “compass timber” for the bow and keel.  In fact, during the reign of Elizabeth I, laws were passed to promote the planting of oak and to limit its felling.

Curved timbers were also used in cruck frames, called for by house builders.  Half-timbered houses are built with oak frames.

The Three Tuns pub in Hay-on-wye

The high tannin content in oak bark has meant it’s been used for tanning leather for thousands of years.

History: Folklore

Vikings saw the oak as the tree of their god of thunder, Tor.  It has also been dedicated to other thunder gods; Jupiter, Zeus, and Thunor.  Oak is often struck by lightning which explains the connection.

Symbolising health and long life, bride grooms would carry acorns in their pockets.  Couples would get married under oaks until the church banned the practise.  Instead, married couples would race from the alter to the oak, and dance around it for luck.  Dreaming of oak suggested good health.  Christian preachers read and gave sermons under oaks.  King Charles II hid in the hollow oak at Boscabel house (in the village where I grew up), to escape the parliamentarians.

History: Food & Medicine

Acorns were ground into a flour to make bread before the cultivation of wheat, and were vital provisions for pigs which roamed free in the forests.

The bark of oak was made into a gargle for sore throats, ground acorns made a snuff to treat nosebleeds.  There are suggestions that oak leaves may have been used to treat diarrhea.

Oak apple galls were (and indeed still are) ground up to make a beautiful and permanent ink.

Uses

Oak is still used today for building, notably in oak panelling and furniture.  Its’ hard-wearing properties make it ideal for flooring, and oak veneers are popular.  Whisky barrels are still made of oak, and it’s a good choice for fence posts and firewood.

Threats

There are threats to the sturdy oak tree, alas.  They get cleared when hedgerows are grubbed up and habitat is lost to development.

They also are prone to Oak sudden death, or Ramorum dieback.  This is caused by the oomycete fungus Phytophthora ramorum.  The disease causes bleeding, dieback, and canker. Luckily for the English oak, this disease seems to cause more death in its’ American cousins.  Unfortunately for British forestry, it has spread to Japanese Larch where it is doing untold damage.

Oak are also susceptible to other diseases such as Acute Oak Decline (AOD).  This leaves dark cankers and causes crown thinning and death.  For more on AOD and other tree pathogens check out the Forestry Research site.

Conclusion

The English oak is such a glorious tree.  Nothing beats its gnarled shape, sentinel in a field or meadow.  Oak woods are an extraordinary habitat for animals ranging from insects to deer.  These deciduous woodlands create space for other wild flowers to grow and thrive.

Over the centuries, oak has been used in religion and spirituality, as medicine, for ink, barrels, house building, and warships.  Acorns have fed untold herds of pigs and provided bread.

This common British tree has been many things to us, and remains a glorious plant and an important iconic tree.

References for this blog include the excellent “The Greenwood Trees” by Christina Hart-Davies , and the Reader’s Digest “The Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Britain” (out of print but commonly available second-hand) , and Collins Flower Guide by David Streeter.

The post Trees: English Oak appeared first on Lizzie Harper.